Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay

I will be comparing classical and operant conditioning by explaining fear of heights. Fear of heights is known as Acrophobia. The phobia part does not occur until a person is in an environment that most people would be relatively fine in, such as attending a theme park or being in a building such as a sky scraper for example. Most of the time when treating someone with acrophobia therapists will use graded exposure therapy. Any fear starts by learning, so if a person has a fear of heights it is most likely due to an event that happened early on in life that made a dramatic change in the persons every day behavior, such as falling out of a tree at a young age. If a person has a severe phobia to heights behavior can vary. For example, a person can faint or have extreme anxiety when in an environment around heights. Another example to discuss, research does in fact prove that a certain amount of reluctance around heights is normal for humans and animals. In the 1960’s research psychologists J. Gibson and R. D.  Walker, conducted an experiment known as the visual cliff. The two researchers placed thirty six babies, one at a time on a counter top made of half solid plastic covered with a checkered cloth and the other half clear Plexiglas. Each baby would ponder when crawling and rely on the mother’s facial expression a happy expression would give the okay to keep crawling and an alarming look would signal the babies to stop crawling. This study shows that when we are faced to make an emotional decision people can be like the babies in the study done, we can remain on the counter top until we are faced with uncertainty. This study shows how cognition can be manipulated by emotion. So, if a person has a fear like heights, Psychologists often use conditioning or classical conditioning to help treat a person, because the fear is a learning process, and a person has to relearn which involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response. Doing this produces stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response. The visual cliff example given, is a great example of a conditioned response. If a person is influenced or is given a negative response it can contribute to fear and through life if more traumatic experiences follow eventually a person can be manipulated by the fear. The more negative reinforcement is involved the bigger the fear develops. For someone having a fear of heights, if the person knows they have to go somewhere a meeting for example, and they have to take an elevator to the 50th , floor, in that persons mind they are going to be going crazy with negative thoughts and feeling overwhelmed with anxiety. But, if the person tells themselves after it is done with â€Å"well what was the big deal? What was I so afraid of? †. That negative reinforcement turns into positive reinforcement eventually. This is known as operant conditioning. Sometimes medication for anxiety may have to be prescribed by a psychiatrist if the fear is so excessive. Talking about the fear is a good start, a psychologist can then determine if the fear was learned possibly through observation or if the fear was through a learned experience. If fear of heights is affecting a person’s environment then a change needs to be made in order help treat the fear. By using positive reinforcement and determining if the person’s behavior from the fear was caused by learning through experience or observed environmentally, it can help determine how to further treat the person. But, if the fear goes untreated the anxiety and stress from it will only grow bigger creating more of an issue for the person and being able to live their everyday lifestyle. Psychotherapy is very helpful in treating anxiety disorders and phobias . In order to treat acrophobia a person needs to find a therapist who can meet their needs. Therapists ill help focus on the best way to treat the person with this disorder, the most common way is using cognitive behavioral therapy. Restructuring a person’s thoughts into positive thoughts is another helpful tip used, and talking about the fear and identifying what is causing the fear to become so out of control, and lastly meeting on a regular basis and determining if medication is needed and seeing what the person with this fear can do in their everyday lifestyle to make themselves more comfortable until they are eventually feeling like they have control over the fear and the fear is no longer controlling them.

Mise-En-Scene Essay

Forrest Gump For over a century now, individuals have been flocking to witness the magic of motion pictures. It is a world made possible by a director and a dream. Unbeknownst to many, the making of a motion picture is a tedious event, involving scripts, takes, re-takes, and an abundance of post-production editing. Many people sit and enjoy a movie without realizing the complexities and the amount of individuals involved in creating the film. These individuals create the landscapes and backboards for us, the ultimate image also known as the mise-en-scene. My favorite film of all time is Forrest Gump. Forrest Gump will go down in history as one of the greatest films ever made. This film was nominated for thirteen Academy Awards, and took home six of them. This is in part because of the phenomenal cast and crew members involved in the production of this film; individuals such as the director, cinematographer, and art director, to the actors, sound people, and most importantly the editor, who pulled everything together and created the final cut. All of these plus additional elements such as sound, style, societal impact, genre, and film criticism make the film such a masterpiece. In this paper I will go into detail about these elements and as to why they add character and zest to the overall success of the film. Forrest Gump is a film that draws out every emotion that is available to the viewer; at times it draws empathy, as well as sympathy and sadness because of the real-life elements that are a part of the plot. The film is also loaded with irony and many opportunities to laugh at the naivety of the main character, Forrest Gump. Forrest Gump is a story about an â€Å"Unusual man doing unusual things† (Groom, 1996, pg. v). As a result of how fantastic the film was, and how great the crew and cast were, Forrest Gump was nominated for thirteen Oscars at the Academy; which is a highly prestigious honor. Almost all elements of this film were up to be recognized. The list of elements that won an Oscar: best actor, best director, best effects (visual effects), best film editing, best picture, and best writing. However, the list goes on even further when me ntioning the additional ones that were nominated but did not win. This would include: best supporting actor, best art direction-set decoration, best cinematography, best effects (sound effects), best make-up, best music, and best sound (Dirks, 2010). Every one of these elements is crucial to the popularity and overall success of this film. What I plan to take notice of first is the director, Robert Zemeckis. Robert has led a successful career of directing many blockbuster hit movies. Movies such as the Back to the Future trilogy, Cast Away, Contact, and Who Framed Roger Rabbit, just to name a few. It is no wonder why Robert is such a successful and well-known name in Hollywood. Robert is a director that continually makes great films that have recurring actors, Tom Hanks being one of these actors. The style of storyline that Robert chose to use in this film is mostly in chronological order; however, the story is narrated by Forrest in the future, so the story also has moments of incongruous editing. The text states that incongruous editing is when a film jumps around in time (Goodykontz & Jacobs, 2011). You see ’future’ Forrest is telling the story of his life to numerous people who are sitting next to him at the bus stop. The story that he tells is in chronological order, basically catching up to where he is at that moment, at the bus stop. I highly enjoyed this approach that the director used; the story would continually flip back to ‘future’ Forrest as the movie went on. I believe that the movie would have been dull, had it not been from the perspective of Forrest in the future. Excitement is added by the way that he remembers the events in his life, and how even today he is still excited about them. This movie was adapted from the book of the same name, written by Warren Groom and the screenplay was written by Eric Roth. Although much of the story was changed, between the book and the film, it still remains based on the book. This is a story of a man who is highly naive, some would say slightly mentally challenged, who travels the world and is involved with many political events that occurred from the 1960’s to 1990’s. He faces hardships and overcomes adversity. In the final scenes devastating news is given to Forrest; the conclusion in this movie really pulls the whole movie together and makes it very satisfying. The exposition of this movie is right out the box with this film. It starts with a feather floating high in the shy aimlessly, drifting down towards the ground. At first the audience thinks nothing of it, however, as we later on see, this feather floating and landing on the ground in front of a dingy, worn pair of running shoes, is a symbol of the story. It is a symbol of the life of Forrest Gump, a man who drifts everywhere and becomes a part of many cultural events. We then come to realize that Forrest is a little slow and does not perceive the world as the majority of people do; with this we find a lot of verbal irony on Forrest’s behalf. The set-up is that Forrest is pushed away by his peers except a little girl named Jenny. Forrest is the protagonist in this film and his friend Jenny is the antagonist. Goodykoontz and Jacobs describe a protagonist as the main character in a movie; they also describe the antagonist as the character in conflict with the main character (Goodykontz & Jacobs, 2011). Forrest is highly conservative, and Jenny is an outright liberal. As the story goes on, Jenny becomes more and more rebellious towards society’s standards. The confrontation is that Forrest is forever seeking to save Jenny, and to get her to conform to the way of life that he lives. However, Jenny is highly rebellious and wants to live the unhealthy lifestyle that she lives. Jenny was abused as a child and she lives very domineering to the men in her life, and since Forrest is good, she pushes him away, because all she knows is destruction. The conclusion brings everything to a head. This is where Forrest goes to Jenny’s house where she lays on him that she has a son and it is his. This is where it gets all fuzzy, emotionally, because we find out that finally Jenny is settling down and accepting Forrest and his conservative ways. However, in the final moments of the film the story turns sad and Jenny dies of an unknown illness; which leaves Forrest to care for his son that he previously knew nothing about. The main character in this movie, Forrest, is played by Tom Hanks, who is a career veteran of great movies; he is a wild card actor because he is able to play various types of roles (Goodykontz & Jacobs, 2011). There are a couple of secondary actors, Jenny, played by Robin White; Lieutenant Dan Taylor, played by Gary Sinise; and Benjamin Buford â€Å"Bubba† Blue, played by Mykelti Williamson; all of these actors would be classified as character actors, because they have been in other various films, but were always secondary characters (Goodykoontz & Jacobs, 2011). Sally Field is also in this film as Forrest’s mother, but the audience does not see too much of her. Tom Hanks won an Oscar for his grand performance in Forrest Gump. He also won many other prestigious awards such as a Screen Actors Guild award, a Golden Globe, a Kansas City Film Critics award, and an American Comedy award. Robin White and Gary Sinise were nominated for a Golden Globe and a Screen Actors Guild award, but neither won. The cinematographer in this film is a man by the name of Don Burgess. Don was also the cinematographer in other Robert Zemeckis films, such as Contact, Cast Away, and The Polar Express (the latter two films had Tom Hanks in them). The cinematographer in a film is the one who directs the camera and chooses what kind of shot will take place, whether it be a long shot, a close-up, or somewhere in between. They also control the lighting and determine what will be best for each particular scene. The cinematographer designs the mise-en-scene. In the beginning we see a medium shot of a feather floating in the wind; the feather then lands on the ground which the cinematographer uses an extreme close-up of the feather and Forrest’s sneakers. Following this the camera zooms out and moves up to display Forrest sitting on a bus stop bench, next to a woman, as he is commenting about her shoes. This series of events and different shots really adds to the zest of the film. Right off we can hear Forrest’s manner of speaking, in addition to the way that he perceives the world. Another scene that I would like to point out is when Forrest is in Vietnam, and he finds Bubba shot. In this scene the cinematographer uses a lot of close-up shots of Forrest and Bubba. I believe this is to hype up the dramatics of the situation. However, a few moments later Forrest picks up Bubba and runs with him out of the jungle. In this scene the cinematographer uses an extreme long shot; the scene lasts a full 25 seconds, which is a long time for a shot in a movie (Goodykontz & Jacobs, 2011). In this scene, Forrest and Bubba start from far away as they exit the jungle, it continues to progress until finally they run past the camera. This is a very important scene in the film where Bubba eventually dies. The cinematographer did an excellent job of capturing the planes overhead bombing, while Forrest is trying to save his friend. This scene is very meaningful. The editor of this film is Arthur Schmidt. An editor is the person who pieces all the appropriate shots into the final cut, basically rearranging the story into a plot (Goodykontz & Jacob, 2011). Arthur Schmidt won an Academy Award for his stupendous work in this film. There was a ton of post-production done on this film. There was a scene where Forrest meets, President John F. Kennedy, the visual effects team along with the editor made this scene possible; since John F. Kennedy is currently diceased. Another scene takes place where Forrest is running rom some boys because they are chasing him down. In this scene Forrest is wearing leg braces, but there is a moment when Forrest begins breaking out of the braces, while he is running. The editor slows this scene down and closes in on Forrest’s legs, in order to emphasize him breaking out of the bondage that the braces caused. This is a pivotal scene, it is the prelude to the rest of the movie where Forrest is constantly on the move; his legs are a way for him to escape. In addition, this scene is full of direct cuts and jump cuts. A jump cut is when there is an obvious jump in the action during a transition, and a direct cut is when one shot instantly takes over for another shot (Goodykontz & Jacobs, 2011). The various elements that the editor used were simply fantastic; it is no wonder why he won an Oscar for this film. There are many moments in this film where all types of sound are utilized, specifically sound effects and music. Each of these effects boosts the emotional value of scenes. There is a scene where Forrest is getting on the school bus for the first time. He is having trouble finding a seat because all of the students are denying him there seat. All of a sudden he hears the voice of a little girl saying, â€Å"you can sit hear†. During this scene, sentimental music plays in the background, simply adding emotional value to what Tom Hanks is saying. Forrest says to the woman on the bench next to him, as he is narrating the scene, that he finds it, â€Å"amazing what a young man recollects,† how he doesn’t, remember many of his ‘firsts’, but he cannot forget the first time he heard Jenny’s voice, he says that, â€Å"she was like an angel† (Finerman, Tisch, & Newirth, 1994). In addition to the music, every sound other than dialogue was a sound effect that was added post-production. This film was also recognized for its phenomenal soundtrack. In some movies songs are intentionally written for that particular movie, but in Forrest Gump these are previously existing songs that the director thought would fit the tone or mood of the particular scene(s) (Goodykontz & Jacobs, 2011). It is the soundtrack of the 60’s, filled with political songs such as â€Å"For What it’s Worth,† by Buffalo Springfield, and â€Å"Fortunate Son,† by Creedance Clearwater Revival. It also contained songs suitable for the action that was taking place, like â€Å"Sloop John B,† by The Beach Boys, while Forrest is in Vietnam. The song mentions the lyrics, â€Å"This is the worst trip I’ve ever been on,† and, â€Å"I feel so broke up, I wanna go home, let me go home,† these lyrics seem highly fitting for the scenario that the troops were in. The soundtrack won both an Academy Award and a Golden Globe. In our text it quotes that, â€Å"even though we go to films to be entertained†¦movies are something more than that†¦they are also historical documents that help us see—and perhaps more fully understand—the world in which they are made† (Goodykontz & Jacobs, 2011). Forrest Gump touched on a lot cultural events and stigmas. First off is that Forrest is disabled and still was able to do more than most people who are not disabled do in their life. In addition, Forrest saw all people as equal, no matter what skin color they had. He also gave money to Bubba’s family, even though Bubba had died before Forrest created the Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. Forrest gave Bubba’s half of the profits to Bubba’s remaining family. Bubba gave Forrest the idea and Forrest was paying due to his lost friend, through his family. This is something that he definitely did not have to do. He stands for anyone who has ever felt inadequate. Forrest Gump will go down in the history books as one of the greatest films ever made. This is because a huge number of cast and crew made this possible, from the director, cinematographer, and art director, to the actors, sound people, and most importantly the editor, who pulled everything together and created the final cut. Additional elements should be recognized as well for the overall success of the film, such as sound, style, societal impact, genre, and film criticism. A lot of hard work, time and effort go into making a movie, and unfortunately not a lot of the public are aware of this. However, once they learn a few things and realize the distinct meaning behind a slow-motion shot or the color of a characters costume, they take a more appreciative look as to what they are viewing. The mise-en-scene makes all the difference; it is what makes or breaks any movie.

Business Assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Assignment 6 - Essay Example Teams are formed with organizations to address specific issues, challenges, or problems. Members of a team should therefore be individuals who are aware of the problems or the needs of the group and are as well willing to contribute in finding the solution as well as making the situation better than it already is. If an organization has a financial crisis, for instance, accountants, economists, financial analysts and others who understand the organization’s financial trends should form the core of the team. Knowledgeable people enhance understanding of the team and hence smooth meetings (Dyer & Dyer, 2013). The most important aspect of a team meeting should be what the members are supposed to discuss in those meetings, the agenda. Agenda setting is the second step for team meeting management. With an agenda well set, team meetings are half on course of delivering their mandates. Team meetings should have agendas that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time bound to deliver instantly (Dyer & Dyer, 2013). A team should comprise of individuals who are ready to work both for themselves and for the other members of the team. Team members, therefore should bear tasks and responsibilities that aid in the accomplishment of the objectives of the team (Kayser, 2011). Not all the activities of the team can be left to specific individuals, but each team member should at least contribute to those activities. Either, communications and contributions in meetings should allow for the participation of at least the interest of every member. In the formulation of the agenda for any committee meeting, time should be a factor worth a critical consideration. Too long meetings or too short meetings barely deliver amicable solutions to organizations. In addition, the best times for meetings are when the members are fresh in mind and ready to contribute. Time management contributes to the quality of the meeting

Proposing a Solution to a Problem-Childhood obisity Essay

Proposing a Solution to a Problem-Childhood obisity - Essay Example One major problem regarding children’s health is the huge quantity of sugary and high calorie food that is available to them at school. Vending machines are not supervised so it is hard to stop children from eating or drinking as much of these types of food or drink as they want. And since children don’t know what is best for them, this can often be a lot. A number of recent studies have shown the negative role vending machines play in children’s health. Removing them from schools is a potential solution to this unfortunate problem. Part of the reason why the issue of vending machines is on the radar these days is because obesity is becoming more and more of a problem in the United States. Obesity can lead to diseases like Type-2 Diabetes. According to Amy Virus, a registered dietitian, â€Å"[m]iddle schools students are at particular risk, because they are going through puberty, their physical activity and dietary habits are fluctuating . . .† (Colwell). It doesn’t help that there is temptation around every corner, with as many as 75 per cent of middle schools possessing vending machines which sell sugary drinks and fatty snacks. With all the emotion going on in their lives, it is not surprising that children going through puberty might reach out to enjoy some â€Å"comfort food.† Although some might call them â€Å"comfort foods,† but others might call them â€Å"competitive foods,† as the U.S. Department of Agriculture does. These are â€Å"foods offered at school other than meals served through USDA school mean programs—school breakfast, school lunch, and after-school snack programs† (Kaufman). Because the USDA is responsible to parents and taxpayers, it is careful to provide healthy options for school meals. Plus, this food is being given out by employees and teachers. If a student comes back to the cafeteria for a fourth helping of food, the staff can easily say, â€Å"You’ve

Atmosphere in Motion (Earth Science Class) Essay

Atmosphere in Motion (Earth Science Class) - Essay Example The advantage of using the aneroid barometer is that the readings are more accurate and that a week’s worth of data is recorded with each cylinder. 2- Explain how the pressure gradient force, Coriolis Effect, and friction affect wind Coriolis Effect: Wind moves to the right of the direction of the body motion for counterclockwise rotation of the frame of reference, or to the left for a clockwise rotation; this is called the Coriolis Effect. The pressure gradient force and the Coriolis Effect work together to channel the air flow. The pressure gradient force causes air to start moving across the isobars; as soon as the air starts to move, the Coriolis Effect acts at right angles to this motion. Friction is an additional factor that has a significant effect on the wind, changing both its velocity and its direction. Friction causes wind to decrease, thus decelerating the Coriolis Effect. This makes the wind corkscrew away from the high pressure centers and into the low pressure c enters in the Northern Hemisphere. It has the contrary effect in the Southern Hemisphere. 3- Discuss the movements of air and weather patterns associated with cyclones and anticyclones. A wind in a cyclone blows counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

Cross Cultural Communications-Managers Role Essay - 1

Cross Cultural Communications-Managers Role - Essay Example Managing techniques looks good on paper but difficult to implement in work station. A work station consists of employees from different cultures, people from different regions and with different languages. The organization is a conglomerate of different individuals and it is necessary to coordinate with these individuals to fulfill the organization mission. Cross cultural awareness help organizations and their employees to become internationally focused and fluent with the ability to understand the needs of their local markets, clients and employees. Cross cultural awareness will help to develop an in-depth understanding of the underlying attitudes, values and behaviors’ of different cultures and provide us the chance to tune up the employee attitude according to their nature. Cross cultural awareness will make the employees feel comfort with their peers and increases the intimacy between the employees. The cross cultural misunderstandings can be avoided by educating the emplo yees about the culture aspects of the other employees working in the same work environment The understanding of the cross cultural skills will allow the organization to develop strategies to cope up the employees from varied cultural background.

Malcom x Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Malcom x - Research Paper Example While in Prison, Malcom read a lot of books and converted to Islam due to influence from his Muslim brothers. He built many Temples across the U.S and later co-founded the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) in 1964 (Muhammad, 2004). Malcom became a Temple minister and played a big role in the launch of the newspaper, Muhammad speaks. Malcom and his role model, Elijah Mohammad, fell out because of ideological difference, prompting Malcom to quit Islam (Malcom X Official Website). Malcom X was a transformational leader, a leader who could trigger off change by challenging the present state of affairs and inspiring others to share in the vision (Lussier and Achua, 2010, p.350). Malcom X began transformational leadership back in school when he was elected class president; Malcom became a street gang leader during his life in crime; he was a prison leader and became the first Islam’s prison minister in the country. After his release, he became the national Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Malcom managed to increase the number of black Muslims from 500 in1952 to 30,000 in 1963. Finally, Malcom co-founded the Organization of African-American Unity and the Muslim Mosque Incorporated (MMI) (Muhammad, 2004, p.3). Through his leadership positions, Malcom became a revolutionary leader who was out to change the status quo. Malcom assisted in establishing numerous temples and in 1960, he was appointed minister of Temple No. 7 in New York City’s Harlem. In 1961, he launched the Islam Nation’s newspaper, Muhammad Speaks (Mjagkij, 2013,

Aerosol-Cloud InteractionsA Piece of the Climate Puzzle Essay

Aerosol-Cloud InteractionsA Piece of the Climate Puzzle - Essay Example There have been a number of potential effects about the aerosols that have been implied though there should be much more investigation and study in order for the size of these effects in a worldwide view. Therefore, for a much more improved model outcrop of future climate, there is much importance in the quantitative comprehension of these effects. There are findings that have been put into writing as well as pictures in regard to the aerosol and cloud properties during the previous years. Nonetheless, these types of seen connection are not essentially as a result of microphysical end products. They may relatively be as a result of retrieval errors, cloud flagging errors, seasonal factors, spatial climatological factors, humidity conditions or even synoptic effects. This report herein shows a discussion of the contribution of spatial climatological factors and synoptic effects to aerosol-cloud associations. Therefore, this paper is going to handle the needed aspects that deal with th e aerosol and cloud interactions, a piece of the climate puzzle. In addition, that will entail all the necessary details required. Aerosols in as much as is known always have an effect in the cloud formation in general. There are, therefore, specific aerosols that can be found in the clouds, whether they are organic or inorganic. The specific organic or inorganic aerosol found in the clouds is a sea salt, which is the most common CCN over the ocean. It is mostly how they aerosols affect or get involved in the cloud formation. To add to that, there is the question of what happens when these major oceanic clouds move over land and whether the aerosol interactions change (Bowler 76). The answer that comes to that question is that, once droplets of clouds have been formed, aerosols or CCN are separated by water of ice and would not be directly interacting with anything else. As a result, when cloud droplets or raindrops evaporate, aerosols are free and can be able to

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Case study - Essay Example ologist, that brought to light the issues surrounding ethics, and with the help of American doctors William Osler and William Welch, wrote the Berlin Code of 1900. The Berlin Code gave a list of ethical conditions that needed to be met before humans could be used in medical experimentation. Adolf Hitler, not to our surprise, decided that the Berlin Code had exceptions, people that were not considered to meet the standards that were set down by the Code. He felt that Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, and mentally disabled people did not count as citizens and, as such, did not have the same rights as others. It was because of this that Hitler allowed cruel and unethical experiments to take place in the concentration camps of World War II. These were not as much medical experiments as they were series of various tortures. In 1947, the Nuremberg Tribunal condemned Nazi doctors for their acts of torture and murder as opposed to medical experimentation. Due to what took place at the hands of Hitler and his Nazi doctors, the Nuremberg Code was created (Marrus, 1999). The Nuremberg Code hardly differs from the original Berlin Code, except that it made it clear that the guidelines extended to all human beings. Ten guidelines were outlined to ensure the utmost protection for humans during medical experimentation, including under certain conditions that it is not safe to use humans for experimentation, which would be situations that could cause injury, disability, or death. More guidelines were also added in the Nuremberg Code, as opposed to what was in the Berlin Code, to ensure that risks would be tended to before taking on a human subject in experiments; if risks would arise during the experimentation, the study would have to be terminated. The greatest change in the alteration of Codes as a result of Hitler’s actions is the consent that must now be given by the human subject (Vollmann & Winau, 1996). If they do not wish to participate in the experiment, they do not have

Research Operations Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Operations Report - Essay Example As found, modern way of managing people does not only require dealing with complexities, but should complement with coping with change. Therefore, it is clear especially in the case of Apple Incorporated that managing people in the age of tough competition should employ leadership skills to gain competitive advantage. As leadership deals with change, managing people in the context of leading the human resource to the right direction should ensure emancipation of change. After all, there is a need for the whole team to walk on the same direction for the achievement of corporate goals and objectives. The complex level of management especially in dealing with people should be made easy through integrating leadership by coping with change. Therefore, modern organisations should integrate this contemporary idea just as how Apple Incorporated has made it possible to differentiate the way it manages its human resource. ... Due to tough competition, organisations learn the importance of managing people as the key to achieving competitive advantage. Apple Incorporated has learned this idea through its adaptation of a highly innovative culture as it continuously seeks its competitive advantage. Thus, operational and strategic tasks and objectives move Apple to put its foot forward to managing the people as its key resources, prior to the accomplishment of its vision. That is why human resource management has become so important today especially among highly sophisticated organisations like Apple that are seeking to create a significant market share and competitive edge. Due to its innovative organisational structure, managing people at Apple is about influence. So there is a strong point about Steven Jobs’ leadership from the past and even on Apple’s future leaders. It is crucial on the part of Apple to maintain a high value of leadership in order to emancipate effective management of people , while ensuring the achievement of its vision. However, the complex nature of human behavior and its dynamic response towards change makes managing people a multifaceted activity in an organisation. One could not contest the fact that some organisations might resist change, but this should not stop managers to understand clearly more about people and issues (Johnson-Cramer et al., 2007, p.85). Managing people should at some point require strong level of leadership skills in order to magnify influence as a significant source of change. According to Kotter (1998), leadership copes with change while management deals with complexity. Therefore, managing change in an organisation should effectively fall on process and people

Upton Sinclair Essay Example for Free

Upton Sinclair Essay Upton Sinclair was born on September 20th 1878, in Baltimore Maryland. His life was spent alternating between politics, writing and in civil rights movements. His first major book was written in 1903 Manassas, but it is The Jungle that would throw him into instant fame and make known his stand in the complications brought forth by capitalism. He was a socialist and tried running for office in 1906, having a go at the congress in New Jersey through the socialist party of America where he lost slightly. His literary works are full of critical writings where he would mirror authoritatively many of the issues affecting the Americans. He was a socialist and was always at clash with conservative politicians who were painting him as a violent communist despite the fact that he had denounced communism. His writings are not only political or social but he also gave a shot at psychic (William J. helm, 1994). His most recorded success in elections was in 1934 when he was nominated to run in office, this time not with the socialist party but with the Democratic Party. He was however to lose as his most conservative people in California could not buy his political ideas. The communists thought of him as a capitalist while the capitalist believed he was a communist and was out to change the state for the worse. An analysis of his accomplishments would reveal that they did not lie in politics but in his advancement of civil rights. His notable achievement however is in the labor movements. His writings and campaigns were strong injection to the labor unions. This shall remain the focus of this paper as it seeks to establish the impact and significance of Upton Sinclair on the American workers and the labor movements. Of particular interest in this paper will be his novel The Jungle and its impact of food legislations. The epitome of Upton Sinclair criticism of the capitalist system in the United States can be captured in The Jungle. It is here that he exposes many of the social evils that were being perpetuated in the society especially against the low-income earners. It exposes many scandals that before had remained hidden from the public’s eyes while at the same time urging for change (Jon Blackwell, n. d). The story is based on an emigrant family that moves to the United States, Chicago, in search of the American dream and prosperity only to be raped by the ruthless capitalist system. The whole family has migrated in to Chicago in the hope of a better life but the unscrupulous employers including corrupt officials gives the family no piece and they start dying one after the other. The working conditions of the stockyards in Chicago are intolerable. The situation is exacerbated by rampant corruption that thrives. For one to get something done, it is a must that an official be bribed in the process. The key character in The Jungle is one Jurgis and it is through him that the woes of the workers are brought to the fore. His family is on the verge of extinction as a string of deaths have caught the family. He is a troubled man and totally devastated by the employers and the farmers who keep turning employees away. This novel is a clear attack of industrialization and the intense mechanization of America. It portrays the fast waning optimism of people especially the workers who have to survive a life of bondage and wage slavery. The spotlight of the jungle is on the hard conditions that workers in the Chicago’s meat factories have to undergo. Workers of all ages including women and children are being exploited. It gives a vivid account of how farmers were being ground after having fallen accidentally in to the processing tanks with the full knowledge of the owners of the factories. The Jungle caused a major row pitting the public, the government and meat processing factories. The cleanliness of the meat was in question. This novel had exposed much of the evils and the malpractices that were being subjected to the workers. Sinclair intent and purpose of the novel was mostly to be centered on the woes of the workers, it was just that the publics attention become focused more on the hygiene of the meat. The Meat Inspection Act for example was passed after this novel had brewed enough uproar. To Sinclair, The Jungle did not just contain empty words, but they had to be followed up by real actions. He sent a copy of the book to the then president, Theodore Roosevelt. His was not on the hygiene of the meat but rather was on the wage slavery now dominant in American factories. The workers were being mistreated and poorly paid. However the authority’s attention was not on the â€Å"wage slavery† but on the meat quality and hygiene. The working conditions of the workers were ignored and instead the investigators focused more on the cleanliness of the processing factories. This would lead to his famous statement later to the effect that his works were intended to strike at the care of the matter and rather not the â€Å"stomach† this indicates the passion through which Sinclair was committed to securing the welfare of the workers to a point that he would confront the powers that were there then. Roosevelt only agreed to respond to the meat factory allegations after immense pressure from the civil societies including Sinclair himself. His efforts to secure the rights of the workers and improve their welfare can be seen in his campaigns for the seat of governor of California. His political ideology was being centered on the workers. His EPIC movement (End Poverty in California) was promising to alleviate the situation of the workers (Deibre Donahue, 2006. ). The Flivver King, a story of Ford America a book by Upton Sinclair in 1937 also roused and sensitized the workers on the woes facing them in their workplaces. It traces the origin of the Ford Motor Company and how after it was established it was treating its employees well as it only employed qualified workers, its focus in on the scientific management of the Ford Motor Company factories. After sometimes, the Ford Company took to breaking down the labor and introduced specialization meaning that even the low skilled workers could do the job with low pay (http://www. amazon. com/flivver-king-story-ford-america/dp/0882860542). This book traces how the Ford Company has over time phased out the skilled labor and in its place with the low skilled people and exploiting them. The workers in the Ford Company would wish to start a union but there were set backs as Ford’s â€Å"spies† are working to undermine their efforts each time they try to congregate. It explores how Ford was transformed in to selfishness by maintaining the same small pay but continuing to wreak billions. This book was of great significance as it led to great inspirations to the workers and also led to the formation of the United Autoworkers Union. It would result to a wave of workers movements and unionization that hit the big companies in the 1940s. It indicates the harsh realities that the workers had to contend with as they tried to form unions that would collectively agitate for their rights (Philip S. Foner, 1964). Upton Sinclair works are popular not for their qualities as novels but for their social impact. He is able to capture workers conditions and the low pay that characterized their remuneration. In the jungle he gives the heartrending details of stories of the workers who fell in to the vats and not being retrieved in time, they would die in there with no efforts by the factory owners to retrieve the bodies. These books went a great deal in inspiring the formation a workers union. By focusing at the problems facing the laborers, they were able to bring them together under a communality of purpose. The situation as it was in the factories for example in the, Ford Company, was that the owners were not taking any efforts to coalesce the workers interests lightly. The confrontations between the two would sometimes turn bloody. Unlike the communists who were expecting to push the ideas of the workers suffering down their throats, Sinclair takes a far much smoother approach through a well-researched story. The inspiration of Sinclair’s works upon the foundation of the workers union in America cannot be underscored. They made a great deal in presenting the reality in the factories. The United Workers Union is one such labor movement alongside others that were directly inspired by the novel on the Ford Company. Reference William J. helm, 1994. Upton Sinclair: overview. In reference guide to American literature 3rd ed. Edited by Kamp. St James press. Amazon Com, 1996. The Flivver King: A story of Ford –America. Retrieved on http://www. amazon.com/flivver-king-story-ford-america/dp/0882860542 Jon Blackwell. 1906: rumble over ‘The Jungle’ retrieved on 24/11/07 from http://www. capitalcentury. com/1906. html Jacob powers. Upton Sinclair, the flivver king. Retrieved on 24/11/07 from://upinmichagan. org/ver-sinclair. html Deibre Donahue, 06/23/2006. ‘Radical’ Life, times of Upton Sinclair USA TODAY. Retrieved on 24/11/07 from http://www. usatoday. com/ife/books/eviews/2006-06-21-radical-innocent-x. htm Philip S. Foner, 1964. History of the labor movement in the United States. International publishers co.

Victim Within The Criminal Justice System Criminology Essay

Victim Within The Criminal Justice System Criminology Essay An offender is an accused defendant who is convicted of a serious crime and who is set to appear before the criminal court. There are 37.2 offenders in total in Ireland. 38.1 of them are male and 32 of them are female. There are 53.6% of people aged under 18 who commit crimes. 33.5% of offenders get community service and 39.3% are out on a type of probation order. The most impressive statistic was that 63% of offenders did not re-offend within two years.  [2]   A victim is someone who has been harmed or affected by an offence caused by another person. Victims of violent crime may suffer financial stress as well as suffering from their injuries and emotional trauma. Recovering from violence or abuse can have effect on them for the rest of their lives as they could live in fear and suffer anxiety. Lots of people are shocked after a crime and how they feel emotionally. Theses emotions can have many effects and can leave you feeling unhappy and confused. And this can also affect family and friends around you, your emotions can have an impact on them as they will be concerned for you. Although many people feel that they have to be able to cope with this emotional burden and are expected to live out their daily lives as if nothing has happened, most victims will need counselling to come to terms with what has happened.  [3]   For this essay we have chosen to talk about the victim as we think the victim suffers the most physically and emotionally. The victim of a crime can need counselling to help them come to terms with their emotions and fears. Discussion There are many different ways a person can be a victim. Someone can be a victim for anything from a minor crime up to a major crime. Examples of where someone can be a victim are from theft, robbery, burglary, assault, dangerous driving, sexual offences, murder and manslaughter and human trafficking.  [4]  In many cases of crime it is not just the victim that can be affected, their family can also be affected, more so in the major crime cases of dangerous driving, sexual offences, murder and manslaughter. As we previously mentioned, there are many types of victims when it comes to crime, and usually the persons role within, and there perspective of the criminal justice system will change depending of the circumstances of each case. For example somebody pressing charges for something minor such as vandalism is going to expect far less drastic results than say somebody who has been the victim of rape. Also we noted that there was a staggering amount of rape crime actually reported in this country, The Dublin Rape Crisis Centre recorded 11,839 calls to their helplines, with over 9,000 of them being genuine, so when we realised the problem that exists with rape in this country we decided we would use rape cases as the main focal point of our group paper.  [5]   Rape cases can differ a lot from another type of case .For example while trials in general take place in public in our state, rape cases will be held in camera, so as to protect the victims anonymity. In some serious cases as well such as rape, arrangements may be made so that the accused does not have to appear in court along with the accused, and may instead be allowed to give evidence via a video link from another area of the courts.  [6]   In rape cases this would be of particular benefit to the victim, who due to the sensitive nature of the crime and the traumatic experience they have already been through may find the prospect of having to come face to face with their attackers in the courtroom too daunting and not be able for it. Report the crime The victim should report the crime to the police as soon as the crime has occurred. When a victim reports a crime quite quickly after the crime has occurred it allows the police to gather any evidence that may fade over time. Prompt reporting will support the victims account of what happened. Many victims of sexual assault are unsure whether they want a case to be prosecuted. Victims who are unsure about prosecution are advised to seek information about guidance to make an informed decision. For example, even if the victim is not ready to prosecute immediately after the crime, prosecutors have at least six years or more to file sexual assault charges. It is important to note that even if a crime is not immediately reported, that prosecution may still be possible. A delay in reporting is typical for safety reasons.  [7]  The role of a victim is extremely important in the Criminal justice system. They must go through a number of stages in the criminal trial process in order to feel justice was served. The first stage is actually reporting the crime. This can be difficult for many as there are a number of doubts in their minds. Such as trust in the gardai, recount the details etc. It estimated in 2007 that about 30 per cent of burglaries were unreported, as were nearly four in 10 incidents of theft with violence. Offences of a sexual nature and domestic violence are grossly under-recorded  [8]  This is astonishing and very worrying for our criminal justice system. Preserve of evidence If a crime is reported, the police will gather and keep all of the evidence from the crime, which includes: bloodstained clothing, bedding, weapons and damage to property. The police will also take photographs of injuries, damage to property and also photographs of where the crime occurred. Photographs should also be taken of the victims injuries after the crime to show the stages of healing. Testify If the case proceeds to trial, victims should expect to testify. Adult victims: Testimony is less formal before the grand jury than in a courtroom setting. The grand Jury proceedings are private. Theyre one on one with the prosecutor and the victim. The Prosecutor asks the victim questions in order to get an understanding of the case. This testimony only lasts about an hour. Testifying at trial is more formal. The victim has to wait outside the court room until it is her time to testify. The prosecutor will ask the victim questions first. Then the defence attorney scrutinizes the victim. The judges role is to also make sure that the questions asked by the attorneys are appropriate according to legal rules. There is no set time on the length of a trial testimony. The prosecutor will help the victim on preparing them for the types of questions that may be asked. The victim witness advocate will help the victim on ensuring the feelings that she may evoke on testifying and helps to provide the victim with all the support that she may need in making it a less scary situation. Sometimes criminal prosecutions go in the favour of the victim as the offender may admit to everything. This means that the victim doesnt have to testify in court. Child Victims: Young children are usually asked questions by the Judge. The judge has to be content that the child understands the legal rules of a courtroom and the oath in which it is vital that he/she must tell the truth. The courtroom can be a very scary place for a child this is why the judge ensures that the child can handle testifying.  [9]   Pressing charges Some victims may personally know the suspect that committed the crime against them. Some may be related such as a mother and son relationship. In this case it is hard for the victims to choice between seeking justice and doing what is best for both the criminal and themselves. Going to court The next stage the victim goes through is the court case. This is undoubtedly the most daunting experience for the victim. Particularly for child abuse cases and rape cases. In the case of Frances Andrade, she subsequently killed herself after giving evidence in court. She said it felt like getting raped all over again. She was sexually abused by her music teacher when she was in school. When it came around to giving evidence she felt that recounting the details in a court atmosphere was worse for her than the rape itself. Andrade killed herself the day after she heard her abuser giving his side of the story. However, some may say that by allowing the victim giving evidence they feel that they are participating in seeking justice for themselves. Conclusion We have discussed in detail the role and perspective of the victim in the criminal justice system in order to seek justice. We as a group unanimously feel that the role of the victim in the criminal justice system is crucial for receiving the justice they deserve. From summary and indictable to serious offences, justice must be served in every case and the role and perspective of the victim is important in delivering justice.

A Report On Sky Diving

A Report On Sky Diving Sky Diving A New Era of Indian Adventure Skydiving is a very old and most popular sport. It is a diversion from the normal parachuting which was discovered some centuries ago. Basically sky diving is an adventure sport wherein the diver jumps from an aircraft from at least an altitude 1500 m. The participants experience a free fall and they even do different stunts in the air before they release their parachutes and are safely on the ground.   Sky diving requires average levels of fitness. If you are in doubt you can ask for medical clearance before setting out for this journey. The best things about sky diving is the advantage you have due to such high altitude. You do not feel any sort of motion sickness like you would experience if you were in a roller coaster ride. It is the closest experience humans can have to flying. Most popular Sky diving destinations in the world Today skydiving is a dear activity the world over. For some of the best sky diving experiences you will have to travel the corners of the world. Nevertheless here is a list of few places which give you that complete experience that you are looking for. The first destination is Guam which is one of the several pacific islands. The place is commendable for its coast to coast view and blue skies. The views of the islands are fantastic and incomparable. Next on the list of the best sites is the Swiss Alps. Being a few thousand meters high above the ground and surrounded by white snow everywhere, decked up in a warm winter jacket and jumping of an airplane to float in the air above the Alps is an unforgettable experience.   In summers the views get even lovelier with the glaciers melting and the summer sun peeking fro between the mountains.   So far the best sites are still owned by the country of kiwis-Australia and its neighbor New Zealand. They are an adventure lovers haven.   And why not, if you have aerial view of the Great Barrier Reef and the vast rainforests in the east or the profiles of Queensland or Mission beach in the west, Sky Diving in India Skydiving in India began way back in 1994 when Agni Aviation promoted sky diving as a recreational activity. At that time people were clueless about aero-sports in India. The first sky diving was carried out in Jakkur near Bangalore on a 900 meter tarred airstrip.   Ever since Sky diving has started at many other location in India. If we speak of sky diving and do not talk about Rachael Thomas then the discussions is incomplete. Rachael is the first and the only civilian sky diver of India. Her journey as a sky diver began in the year 1979 after she signed up for sky diving lessons with a French woman.   Since then she has had a record of more than 700 jumps in all. It has been more than 25 years now and she has won several accolades for her stints. She is the winner of Padma Shri for having a successful sky diving career of more than 25 years. She is also the first Indian to receive a national Adventure Award in 1994 which is an equivalent of Arjuna Award. She is doing her best to promote sky diving culture in India. She has also started Women Sky Divers of India league which promotes sky diving among women. This institute is on its way to turns it visions of being the first skydiving civilian school of India into reality.

The Right to Privacy in the Information Age Essay -- Exploratory Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a day in the life of Joe, an ordinary American, he drives to the office, owrks at a computer, browses in a shop at lunch time, then picks up some milk and a video on the way home, where a pile of junk mail and bills await him. At every stop alo ng the way, his doings can be watched, monitored, tabulated, and sold. On this typical day, Joe, our ordinary American, does not realize how technology has changed his private life. Joe's driving route may be tracked by a sophisticated traffic system. At work, his employer can listen in to his business conversations on the telephone, and tap into his computer, e-mail, or voice-mail. At the shopping center, the secret closed-circuit camera may seek him out personally. The shop is allowed to put peepho les in the fitting rooms. Some have hidden microphones, too. If he uses his credit card, not only does the card company keep tabs on when, where, and what he buys, it may sell that data to other marketers. A purchas e of out-door furniture means catalog s selling barbecue grills, mowing machines, or lawn seed are likely to be piled as junk mail in his mail box. Quickly he sits down at his desk and fills out the Reader's Digest Sweepstakes Entry form, hoping that this time Ed McMahon will arrive at his door with the big check, so he eagerly supplies personal information which, unknowingly to him, will be sold to other marketers and distributed to databases throughout the world. Joe is unaware of others who, on this typical day in the electronic age, ha ve peered into his private life.    Technology plays a significant part in today's society. As technology advances, new controversies arise, many involving privacy rights. Medical, workplace, and consumer pri... ...per, Michael. "With Success of Cameras, Concerns over Privacy." New York Times 5 Feb. 1997: B4. Dowd, Ann Reilly. "Protect Your Privacy." Money Aug. 1997: 107-108, 112. Everett-Green, Robert. "Cyberspace." 1996 Encyclopedia Britannica Book of the Year. 1996. Goode, Stephen. "Are Privacy Rights Still Inalienable?" Insight Magazine on the News 19 Aug. 1996: 18-19. Houlder, Vanessa. "The Blessing and Curse of E-mail." World Press Review June 1997: 33-34. Long, Robert Emmet. Rights to Privacy. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1997. "Medical Privacy is Under Attack." [http://www.ACLU.org] 26 Oct. 1997. "Workplace in America." [http://www.ACLU.org] 26 Oct. 1997. "We Know You're Reading This." Economist 10 Feb. 1996: 28. "William Faulkner: On Privacy." The Annals of America Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 1968.   

Coputers In Modern Society :: essays research papers

Coputers In Modern Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Looking around at daily life, I noticed a pattern of computer oriented devices that make life easier and allow us to be lazier. These devices are in most daily activities ranging from waking up to an alarm clock that is computerized to watching the news before going to bed on a computerized television. All of these computerized facets of our society help to increase our daily productivity and help us to do whatever it is we need to accomplish in the day. The computer age is upon us and it will continue to grow in influence until society revolves around it daily without need for improvement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In personal computers, the industry has began to create faster machines that can store much more information. For speed, the internal microprocessor has been tweaked to perform at high rates of speed. One such microprocessor is the Intel Pentium chip that is the fastest commercial microprocessor on the market. In addition to internal speed and to allow faster hook- up to the Internet, faster telephone lines, most notably the fiber optic lines, have been added, for an extra charge, to transfer data about 4 times faster than conventional phone lines (about 28,000 bits per second has been quadrupled to about 128,000 bits per second. As speed enhances, memory and storage space is needed to hold excess information. EDO RAM is a new, faster memory module that helps transfer RAM data twice as fast as normal RAM. For long term storage of large amounts of data, hard drives have been under a constant upgrade of performance, and it is not uncommon to find hard drives about 8-9 gigabytes on the market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Along with technology, an ease of use factor has been instilled in the modern day PC's. The most notable ease of use enhancement is a GUI(Graphical User Interface), which allows the user to see a choice instead of reading about the choice. This is accomplished by using pictures and windows to simplify the choices. Windows 95 and the Macintosh OS both use GUI to simplify use. Another change in technology has been in almost putting manufacturing of typewriters into extinction. Offices are more and more turning to computers instead of typewriters because the computers integrate many office tasks in one machine, most notably the use of word processors. With the use of word processors on a computer comes the use of spell check which is only offered on a few typewriters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most growing part of the computer-oriented world is the Internet. It allows users to send electronic mail (E-mail), faster and more conveniently

Technology Essay -- essays research papers

Technology is a knowledge of using tools and machines to do tasks more efficiently. We use technology to control the world we live in. Since the art of making fire and creating handcrafted tools, our civilization has come a long way. Science and Technology are making advances at an astonishing rate. From telephones to the Internet, calculators to computers, cars to rockets and satellites, we are part of a new world of discoveries and inventions made possible by Science. Fields like Medicine and communications have changed our cultures and our lifestyles. The technology that surrounds almost everyone in the modern society, affects both work and recreational activities. Technology is one of the principal driving forces of the future; it is transforming our lives and shaping our future at incomparable rates in history. Technology is constantly changing, and advancing. Many different elements affect how satisfied we are with our lives. The impact of technology on these elements can change how safe, healthy and happy people feel. Throughout history, people have looked for better ways to meet their needs and to satisfy their expectations. Technology has improved the way people feed, clothe and shelter themselves. Technology has also changed other aspects of everyday life, such as health care, education, job satisfaction, and leisure time activities. People have used technology since they first chipped stone blades to improve their hunting. Some people call this current age the "Technological Age" because of society's dependence on technology. For the first time in human history, almost all the goods and services people use depend on technology. The products of technology are available to almost everyone in society. The economy of a country influences how the people of the county live. Technology is often considered the key to a nation's economic growth. Many economists think that if technology sparks growth in one division of the economy in the form of increased productivity, growth will also occur in other division of the economy. Jobs may be lost in one industry, such as agriculture but new jobs may emerge in other parts of the economy. There may be more jobs or, in some case, completely new kinds of jobs. Technology may also be used to solve urgent problems. Our growing population is using up infinite supplies of natural resources. Innovations in te... ...king new ones. For example, when scientists went to Africa in search of a cure for a disease, they came back with monkeys that were contaminated with the Emboli virus. Today in Russia, there are military bases where Russian scientists are creating thousands of germs and viruses to use in germ warfare. These germs and viruses are capable of killing thousands of people instantly. Technology can be used against us as well, and everyday doctors and military personnel try to come up with ways to cure or destroy human life. As technology continues to advance and society moves "forward", people continue to aspire for more. In conclusion, technology continues to advance at a rapid rate. This quest to understand the ways in which our surroundings work has led to many scientific discoveries and innovations. The more we learn and develop the faster the rate of technology is. With these advances come more technological problems that arouse a demand for more new scientific knowledge. Because of all the advances in technology that have already taken place in our past we can now explore and research new ideas, cures in medical fields, in communications, and new forms of transportation.

Business Math

Chapter 5 Interest Rates 5-1. Your bank is offering you an account that will pay 20% interest in total for a two-year deposit. Determine the equivalent discount rate for a period length of a. Six months. b. One year. c. One month. a. Since 6 months is [pic] of 2 years, using our rule [pic] So the equivalent 6 month rate is 4. 66%. b. Since one year is half of 2 years [pic] So the equivalent 1 year rate is 9. 54%. c. Since one month is [pic] of 2 years, using our rule [pic] So the equivalent 1 month rate is 0. 63%. 5-2. Which do you prefer: a bank account that pays 5% per year (EAR) for three years or a. An account that pays 2[pic] every six months for three years? b. An account that pays 7[pic] every 18 months for three years? c. An account that pays [pic] per month for three years? If you deposit $1 into a bank account that pays 5% per year for 3 years you will have [pic] after 3 years. a. If the account pays [pic] per 6 months then you will have [pic] after 3 years, so you prefer [ pic] every 6 months. b.If the account pays [pic] per 18 months then you will have [pic] after 3 years, so you prefer 5% per year. c. If the account pays [pic] per month then you will have [pic] after 3 years, so you prefer [pic] every month. 5-3. Many academic institutions offer a sabbatical policy. Every seven years a professor is given a year free of teaching and other administrative responsibilities at full pay. For a professor earning $70,000 per year who works for a total of 42 years, what is the present value of the amount she will earn while on sabbatical if the interest rate is 6% (EAR)? Timeline: 0 |7 |14 | | | |42 | | | | | | | | | |0 |1 |2 | | | |8 | | | | | | | | | |0 |1 |2 | | | |304 | | | | | | | |48 |0. 75 % |20,092. 9 |–500 |0 | Thus, your remaining balance is $20,092. 39. If you prepay an extra $100 today, your will lower your remaining balance to $20,092. 39 – 100 = $19,992. 39. Though your balance is reduced, your required monthly payment does not ch ange. Instead, you will pay off the loan faster; that is, it will reduce the payments you need to make at the very end of the loan. How much smaller will the final payment be? With the extra payment, the timeline changes: That is, we will pay off by paying $500 per month for 47 months, and some smaller amount, $500 – X, in the last month.To solve for X, recall that the PV of the remaining cash flows equals the outstanding balance when the loan interest rate is used as the discount rate: [pic] Solving for X gives [pic] So the final payment will be lower by $143. 14. You can also use the annuity spreadsheet to determine this solution. If you prepay $100 today, and make payments of $500 for 48 months, then your final balance at the end will be a credit of $143. 14: |N |I |PV |PMT |FV | |48 |0. 75 % |19,992. 9 |-500 |143. 14 | (2) The extra payment effectively lets us exchange $100 today for $143. 14 in four years. We claimed that the return on this investment should be the loan interest rate. Let’s see if this is the case: [pic], so it is. Thus, you earn a 9% APR (the rate on the loan). 5-19. Consider again the setting of Problem 18. Now that you realize your best investment is to prepay your student loan, you decide to prepay as much as you can each month. Looking at your budget, you can afford to pay an extra $250 per month in addition to your required monthly payments of $500, r $750 in total each month. How long will it take you to pay off the loan? The timeline in this case is: and we want to determine the number of monthly payments N that we will need to make. That is, we need to determine what length annuity with a monthly payment of $750 has the same present value as the loan balance, using the loan interest rate as the discount rate. As we did in Chapter 4, we set the outstanding balance equal to the present value of the loan payments and solve for N. [pic] We can also use the annuity spreadsheet to solve for N. N |I |PV |PMT |FV | |30. 02 |0. 75 % |20,092. 39 |–750 |0 | So, by prepaying the loan, we will pay off the loan in about 30 months or 2 ? years, rather than the four years originally scheduled. Because N of 30. 02 is larger than 30, we could either increase the 30th payment by a small amount or make a very small 31st payment. We can use the annuity spreadsheet to determine the remaining balance after 30 payments. N |I |PV |PMT |FV | |30 |0. 75 % |20,092. 39 |–750 |–13. 86 | If we make a final payment of $750. 00 + $13. 86 = $763. 86, the loan will be paid off in 30 months. 5-20. Oppenheimer Bank is offering a 30-year mortgage with an APR of 5. 25%. With this mortgage your monthly payments would be $2000 per month. In addition, Oppenheimer Bank offers you the following deal: Instead of making he monthly payment of $2000 every month, you can make half the payment every two weeks (so that you will make 52 ? 2 = 26 payments per year). With this plan, how long will it take to pay off the mortga ge of $150,000 if the EAR of the loan is unchanged? If we make [pic] every 2 weeks the timeline is as follows. Timeline: |0 |1 |2 |3 | | | | | | | | | | | | Using the formula for the loan payment, [pic] Next we write out the cash flows with the extra payment. Timeline #2: 0 |1 | |6|7| |18 | | | | | | | | | To determine the outstanding balance we discount at the original rate, i. e. , [pic] [pic] Next we calculate the loan payment on the new mortgage. Timeline #2: |0 |1 |2 | | | |360 | | | | | | | | | The discount rate on the new loan is the new loan rate: [pic] Using the formula for the loan payment: [pic] b. pic] c. [pic] (You can use trial and error or the annuity calculator to solve for N. ) d. [pic] (Note: results may differ slightly due to rounding. ) 5-24. You have credit card debt of $25,000 that has an APR (monthly compounding) of 15%. Each month you pay the minimum monthly payment only. You are required to pay only the outstanding interest. You have received an offer in the mail for an otherwise identical credit card with an APR of 12%. After considering all your alternatives, you decide to switch cards, roll over the outstanding balance on the old card into the new card, and borrow additional money as well.How much can you borrow today on the new card without changing the minimum monthly payment you will be required to pay? The discount rate on the original card is: [pic] Assuming that your current monthly payment is the interest that accrues, it equals: [pic] Timeline: |0 |1 |2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |312. 50 |312. 50 | |This is a perpetuity. So the amount you can borrow at the new interest rate is this cash flow discounted at the new discount rate. The new discount rate is [pic] So,[pic] So by switching credit cards you are able to spend an extra [pic] You do not have to pay taxes on this amount of new borrowing, so this is your after-tax benefit of switching cards. 5-25. In 1975, interest rates were 7. 85% and the rate of inflation was 12. 3% in the United States. What was the real interest rate in 1975? How would the purchasing power of your savings have changed over the year? pic] The purchasing power of your savings declined by 3. 96% over the year. 5-26. If the rate of inflation is 5%, what nominal interest rate is necessary for you to earn a 3% real interest rate on your investment? [pic] implies [pic]. Therefore, a nominal rate of 8. 15% is required. 5-27. Can the nominal interest rate available to an investor be significantly negative? (Hint: Consider the interest rate earned from saving cash â€Å"under the mattress. †) Can the real interest rate be negative? Explain. By holding cash, an investor earns a nominal interest rate of 0%.Since an investor can always earn at least 0%, the nominal interest rate cannot be negative. The real interest rate can be negative, however. It is negative whenever the rate of inflation exceeds the nominal interest rate. 5-28. Consider a project that requires an ini tial investment of $100,000 and will produce a single cash flow of $150,000 in five years. a. What is the NPV of this project if the five-year interest rate is 5% (EAR)? b. What is the NPV of this project if the five-year interest rate is 10% (EAR)? c. What is the highest five-year interest rate such that this project is still profitable? . NPV = –100,000 + 150,000 / 1. 055 = $17,529. b. NPV = –100,000 + 150,000 / 1. 105 = –$6862. c. The answer is the IRR of the investment: IRR = (150,000 / 100,000)1/5 – 1 = 8. 45%. 5-29. Suppose the term structure of risk-free interest rates is as shown below: [pic] a. Calculate the present value of an investment that pays $1000 in two years and $2000 in five years for certain. b. Calculate the present value of receiving $500 per year, with certainty, at the end of the next five years. To find the rates for the missing years in the table, linearly interpolate between the years for which ou do know the rates. (For example , the rate in year 4 would be the average of the rate in year 3 and year 5. ) c. Calculate the present value of receiving $2300 per year, with certainty, for the next 20 years. Infer rates for the missing years using linear interpolation. (Hint : Use a spreadsheet. ) a. Timeline: |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Since the opportunity cost of capital is different for investments of different maturities, we must use the cost of capital associated with each cash flow as the discount rate for that cash flow. Unfortunately, we do not have a rate for a 4-year cash flow, so we linearly interpolate. [pic] [pic] c. Timeline: 0 |1 |2 |3 | | | |20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |2,300 |2,300 |2,300 | | | |2,300 | |Since the opportunity cot of capital is different for investments of different maturities, we must use the cost of capital associated with each cash flow as the discount rate for that cash flow.Unfortunately, we do not have a rate for a nu mber of years, so we linearly interpolate. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 5-30. Using the term structure in Problem 29, what is the present value of an investment that pays $100 at the end of each of years 1, 2, and 3? If you wanted to value this investment correctly using the annuity formula, which discount rate should you use? PV = 100 / 1. 0199 + 100 / 1. 02412 + 100 / 1. 02743 =$285. 61. To determine the single discount rate that would compute the value correctly, we solve the following for r: PV = 285. 1 = 100/(1 + r) + 100 / (1 + r)2 + 100/(1 + r)3 = $285. 61. This is just an IRR calculation. Using trial and error or the annuity calculator, r = 2. 50%. Note that this rate is between the 1, 2, and 3-yr rates given. 5-31. What is the shape of the yield curve given the term structure in Problem 29? What expectations are investors likely to have about future interest rates? The yield curve is increasing. This is often a sign that investors expect interest rates to rise in the future. 5-3 2. Suppose the current one-year interest rate is 6%.One year from now, you believe the economy will start to slow and the one-year interest rate will fall to 5%. In two years, you expect the economy to be in the midst of a recession, causing the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates drastically and the one-year interest rate to fall to 2%. The one-year interest rate will then rise to 3% the following year, and continue to rise by 1% per year until it returns to 6%, where it will remain from then on. a. If you were certain regarding these future interest rate changes, what two-year interest rate would be consistent with these expectations? . What current term structure of interest rates, for terms of 1 to 10 years, would be consistent with these expectations? c. Plot the yield curve in this case. How does the one-year interest rate compare to the 10-year interest rate? a. The one-year interest rate is 6%. If rates fall next year to 5%, then if you reinvest at this rate over two years you would earn (1. 06)(1. 05) = 1. 113 per dollar invested. This amount corresponds to an EAR of (1. 113)1/2 – 1 = 5. 50% per year for two years. Thus, the two-year rate that is consistent with these expectations is 5. 0%. b. We can apply the same logic for future years: c. We can plot the yield curve using the EARs in (b); note that the 10-year rate is below the 1-year rate (yield curve is inverted). 5-33. Figure 5. 4 shows that Wal-Mart’s five-year borrowing rate is 3. 1% and GE Capital’s is 10%. Which would you prefer? $500 from Wal-Mart paid today or a promise that the firm will pay you $700 in five years? Which would you choose if GE Capital offered you the same alternatives? We can use the interest rates each company must pay on a 5-year loan as the discount rate.PV for GE Capital = 700 / 1. 105 = $434. 64 < $500 today, so take the money now. PV for Wal-Mart = 700 / 1. 0315 = $600. 90 > $500 today, so take the promise. 5-34. Your best taxable investment o pportunity has an EAR of 4%. You best tax-free investment opportunity has an EAR of 3%. If your tax rate is 30%, which opportunity provides the higher after-tax interest rate? After-tax rate = 4%(1 – . 30) = 2. 8%, which is less than your tax-free investment with pays 3%. 5-35. Your uncle Fred just purchased a new boat.He brags to you about the low 7% interest rate (APR, monthly compounding) he obtained from the dealer. The rate is even lower than the rate he could have obtained on his home equity loan (8% APR, monthly compounding). If his tax rate is 25% and the interest on the home equity loan is tax deductible, which loan is truly cheaper? After-tax cost of home equity loan is 8%(1 – . 25) = 6%, which is cheaper than the dealer’s loan (for which interest is not tax-deductible). Thus, the home equity loan is cheaper. (Note that this could also be done in terms of EARs. ) 5-36.You are enrolling in an MBA program. To pay your tuition, you can either take out a s tandard student loan (so the interest payments are not tax deductible) with an EAR of 5[pic] or you can use a tax-deductible home equity loan with an APR (monthly) of 6%. You anticipate being in a very low tax bracket, so your tax rate will be only 15%. Which loan should you use? Using the formula to convert an APR to an EAR: [pic] So the home equity loan has an EAR of 6. 168%. Now since the rate on a tax deductible loan is a before-tax rate, we must convert this to an after-tax rate to compare it. [pic]Since the student loan has a larger after tax rate, you are better off using the home equity loan. 5-37. Your best friend consults you for investment advice. You learn that his tax rate is 35%, and he has the following current investments and debts:  ¦ A car loan with an outstanding balance of $5000 and a 4. 8% APR (monthly compounding)  ¦ Credit cards with an outstanding balance of $10,000 and a 14. 9% APR (monthly compounding)  ¦ A regular savings account with a $30,000 balan ce, paying a 5. 50% EAR  ¦ A money market savings account with a $100,000 balance, paying a 5. 25% APR (daily compounding) A tax-deductible home equity loan with an outstanding balance of $25,000 and a 5. 0% APR (monthly compounding) a. Which savings account pays a higher after-tax interest rate? b. Should your friend use his savings to pay off any of his outstanding debts? Explain. a. The regular savings account pays 5. 5% EAR, or 5. 5%(1 – . 35) = 3. 575% after tax. The money-market account pays (1 + 5. 25%/365)365 – 1 = 5. 39% or 5. 39%(1 – . 35) = 3. 50% after tax. Therefore, the regular savings account pays a higher rate. b. Your friend should pay off the credit card loans and the car loan, since they have after-tax costs of 14. % APR and 4. 8% APR respectively, which exceed the rate earned on savings. The home equity loan should not be repaid, as its EAR = (1 + 5%/12)12 – 1 = 5. 12%, for an after-tax rate of only 5. 125(1 – . 35) = 3. 33%, which is below the rate earned on savings. 5-38. Suppose you have outstanding debt with an 8% interest rate that can be repaid anytime, and the interest rate on U. S. Treasuries is only 5%. You plan to repay your debt using any cash that you don’t invest elsewhere. Until your debt is repaid, what cost of capital should you use when evaluating a new risk-free investment opportunity? Why?The appropriate cost of capital for a new risk-free investment is 8%, since you could earn 8% without risk by paying off your existing loan and avoiding interest charges. 5-39. In the summer of 2008, at Heathrow Airport in London, Bestofthebest (BB), a private company, offered a lottery to win a Ferrari or 90,000 British pounds, equivalent at the time to about $180,000. Both the Ferrari and the money, in 100 pound notes, were on display. If the U. K. interest rate was 5% per year, and the dollar interest rate was 2% per year (EARs), how much did it cost the company in dollars each month to keep the cash on display?That is, what was the opportunity cost of keeping it on display rather than in a bank account? (Ignore taxes. ) Because the prize is in pounds, we should use the pound interest rate (comparable risk). (1. 05)(1/12) – 1 = . 4074%. 0. 4074% x 90k = 366. 7 pounds per month, or $733 per month at the current exchange rate. 5-40. You firm is considering the purchase of a new office phone system. You can either pay $32,000 now, or $1000 per month for 36 months. a. Suppose your firm currently borrows at a rate of 6% per year (APR with monthly compounding).Which payment plan is more attractive? b. Suppose your firm currently borrows at a rate of 18% per year (APR with monthly compounding). Which payment plan would be more attractive in this case? a. The payments are as risky as the firm’s other debt. So opportunity cost = debt rate. PV(36 month annuity of 1000 at 6%/12 per month) = $32,871. So pay cash. b. PV(annuity at 18%/12 per mo) = $27,661. So pay over time. ———————– 47 –500 0 2 –500 1 –500 48 –500 47 –500 0 19,992. 39 2 –500 1 –500 48 –(500 – X) N -750 0 20,092. 39 2 -750 1 -750 [pic]

Are Americans Starving To Death Education Essay

Food insecurity is defined as non ever holding entree to enough nutrient for active, healthy life Seccombe, 2007. America is thought of as a rich and comfortable state and many people would ne'er believe that there is a hunger issue. But, the U.S. authorities spends near to $ 1 trillion a twelvemonth supplying money, nutrient, lodging, and medical attention to hapless and low-income households. Of the $ 1 trillion, approximately $ 111 billion is spent on nutrient entirely ( Kozak, 2012 ) . It is normally thought that the jobs associated with hungriness are confined to certain countries of the state or certain vicinities, but that is non the instance. Right now, 1000000s of people all over America are fighting with hungriness. It ‘s clip for people to go educated about the causes and possible solutions of hungriness in America.Historical Background of the issueFolklore from the in-between ages frequently echoed the problems of the people ‘s day-to-day lives, which included hungriness. In these narratives kids of households that could non afford to maintain them were left to roll in the wood and if the kids found a faery their first want was on a regular basis nutrient ( Weill, 2012 ) . It has been thought throughout history that most Americans lead lives of luxury. That is n't difficult to believe since films and telecasting shows portray America as a civilization of wealths. Conversations about utmost hungriness and poorness have about vanished from popular civilization and the society as a whole ( Weill, 2012 ) . Hunger and nutrient insecurity are the consequences of old ages of workplace favoritism, deficient authorities assistance, and other economic jobs. The recession had a big negative impact on hungriness issue in America. â€Å" From 1999 to 2007, the economic system grew, but most benefits of growing went to the flush. Food insecurity rose from 10.1 per centum in 1999 to 11.1 per centum of families in 2007 † ( Weill, 2012 ) . A survey conducted by the USDA shows that in 2005, approximately 12 per centum of Americans ( 35 million people ) were unable to set nutrient on the tabular array at least portion of the twelvemonth, and that 11 million people reported traveling hungry on juncture ( 12 Percentage, 2006 ) . Throughout history hungriness has continued to be a job in America, from the earliest colonists to modern twenty-four hours households, seting nutrient on the tabular array is an issue that impacts many people.The Prevalence and Seriousness of the IssueIn 2007 the per centum of nutrient insecure families in America was 11.1 per centum ( Lewis and Burd-Sharps, 2010 ) . In 2011, a sum of 50.1 million Americans lived in nutrient insecure families. Of the 50.1 million, 33.5 million were grownups and 16.7 million were kids ( Feeding America, 2012 ) . Every county in America is affected by nutrient insecurity. Steele County, ND has the lowest per centum of nutrient insecure families, while Holmes County, MS has the highest per centum of nutrient insecure families ( Feeding America, 2012 ) . In one of the richest states on Earth, there are still those without adequate to eat.The Impact of the Issue on FamiliesIn nutrient insecure households each member is affected. Young kids from nutrient insecure households frequently have reduced societal and cognitive development, along with more wellness jobs and high hospitalization rates. School-age kids are most frequently affected by nutrient insecurity in their school public presentation. Math and reading tonss are normally lower than other kids ‘s, they besides have a harder clip paying attending in category, and frequently move out. Among adolescents, nutrient insecurity is associated with self-destructive ideas and depression ( Chilton and Rabinowich, 2010 ) . Even moderate nutrient insecurity has an impact on people. Pregnant adult females that do n't hold proper nutrition addition the hazard of certain birth defects and low baby birth weight. Very immature kids with bad nutrition due to chair nutrient insecurity can be stunted in their growing and have delayed cognitive development. Overall, kids that suffer from nutrient insecurity are most affected in their physical and cognitive growing, doing them to dawdle behind their equals and larn less ( Weill, 2012 ) . Adults that suffer from nutrient insecurity are frequently less productive and have poorer wellness. Adult hungriness besides harms kids. When grownups go hungry to protect kids the ensuing emphasis and depression, non merely harms the grownups, but besides the impacts that kids ‘s mental wellness and schooling ( Weill, 2012 ) . Hunger in America impacts the lives of kids and grownups. Their mental, physical and emotional wellness are greatly affected by the deficiency of nutrition and the emphasis of non holding plenty nutrient.Pro and Con Sides of the IssueThree â€Å" Key Players † Who Influence and are in Support of the IssueAuxiliary Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) , the Particular Auxiliary Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children plan ( WIC ) , and the National School Lunch plan are the three chief plans that influence the hungriness state of affairs in America ( Weill, 2012 ) . The state ‘s largest nutrition plan is SNAP and the figure of people utilizing this plan is increasing each twelvemonth. In 2000 there was an norm of 17.2 million people profiting from SNAP each month, in 2008 that figure jumped to an norm of 28 million people per month ( Weill, 2012 ) . WIC is another federal aid plan that works to conflict the hunger issue in America. The people that benefit from WIC are low income pregnant adult females, suckling adult females and kids under the age of five. The services provided through WIC are auxiliary nutrient, expression, nutrition instruction, entree to healthcare and other societal services ( USDA, 2012 ) . The National School Lunch Program ( NSLP ) is a federally aided repast plan that helps feed school kids. NSLP operates in public and non-profit-making private schools. This plan provides nutritionally balanced, low-priced or free tiffins to measure uping kids each school twenty-four hours ( USDA, 2012 ) . These three plans, along with other nutrient aid plans, work to conflict the issue of hungriness in America.Three Key Players Who are in Opposition of the IssueAlthough there are many plans and organisations that work to cut down the figure of households traveling hungry, there are people who do non believe that hungriness is an issue at all in America. Census Bureau information is the chief grounds for people in resistance of the hungriness issue. In 2009 the Census Bureau reported that of the about 50 million Americans classified as hapless the bulk said that they did n't travel hungry. Many of the parents classified as hapless ( 96 % to be exact ) said their kids were ne'er hungr y in 2009. An even more surprising statistic is that 82 % of hapless grownups said they were ne'er hungry at any clip in 2009 due to a deficiency of nutrient or money ( Kozak, 2012 ) . In the 2010-11 school twelvemonth, about 373,000 kids in Wisconsin received free school tiffins. The disagreement with this information is that there are nowhere near 373,000 childs in Wisconsin that come from households that live below the poorness line. This information suggests that households are taking advantage of the school tiffin plan and that middle-class and upper-middle-class childs that do non measure up for free school tiffins are eating tiffin at taxpayer disbursal ( Kozak, 2012 ) .The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Key Player ‘s PositionsThe organisations in support of the hungriness issue in America have many strengths in their place. They have used the statistics from metropoliss, counties and provinces from around the state to understand that hunger state of affairs. From that information they have formed plans specifically created for the most prevailing state of affairss, such as, households populating under the poorness line, pregnant female parents, and k ids. The failings of the protagonists of the hungriness state of affairs in America are chiefly that they do n't look to be decreasing the issue. As many statistics have shown over the old ages, the figure of households with nutrient insecurity have increased, non decreased. The people in resistance to the hungriness issue in America have several strengths to their place. There is grounds that hungriness may non be as large of an issue among the hapless as antecedently believed. The statistics about hapless households describing that they do n't travel hungry is one of the chief strengths. The failing of the resistance ‘s statement is that the ground why the hapless are describing that they do n't travel hungry is frequently because they are having nutrient aid. Without the nutrient aid they would most probably go hungry and the resistance would hold no grounds.Are their Arguments Converting?Both the supportive groups and the opposing groups have reasonably convincing statements. Both sides have statistical grounds to back up their claims and are able to explicate why they are right. The chief ground why the opposing group ‘s statements are less convincing is that their statistical grounds could be proven false if the people interviewed were having nutrient aid. For case, the people that report non traveling hungry in 2009 may be able to state that because of auxiliary nutrient plans.DecisionsCurrent Laws that have been passed in Regards to the IssueThe National School Lunch Act was signed into jurisprudence in 1946 by President Harry Truman. This jurisprud ence created the National School Lunch Program that provides low-cost or free tiffins for kids. Another jurisprudence that was passed is the Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act of 2010. This jurisprudence authorizes funding for the USDA ‘s nucleus kid nutrition plans ( USDA, 2012 ) . A 3rd jurisprudence passed is the Food Stamp Act of 1964 which authorized a nutrient cast plan to allow low income families to have benefits.Are these Laws Helping or Worsening the Situation?These Torahs have helped many single people to non travel hungry, but overall they have non made a immense dent in the figure of people with an deficient sum of nutrient. The figure of people on nutrient aid plans is lifting each twelvemonth and shows that more and more people need aid. These plans are maintaining people from hungering, but they are non assisting change by reversal the procedure so they can feed themselves. Fraud is a major job with many of these plans. Many people will have the benefits of nutrient aid when they do n't really necessitate it or even use multiple times. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo are presently at odds over whether to go on an anti-fraud effort to fingerprint receivers. Mayor Bloomberg believes that fingerprinting receivers will salvage 1000000s of taxpayer dollars by maintaining people from using for aid multiple times. However, Mr. Cuomo believes that coercing the receivers to be fingerprinted stigmatizes them and will maintain hungry kids from eating ( Kozak, 2012 ) .The Future of this Issue and my Prediction of What will Happen in 20 old ages from Now in Regards to the IssueI do n't see this issue being resolved anytime shortly. There are so many other issue that are tied in with hungriness that they would all hold to be solved before hungriness was wholly extinguished in America. I do non believe that the issue will diminish in the following 20 old ages because at that place seems to be a turning tendency of the figure of people necessitating to utilize nutrient aid plans.Changes or Improvements I would urge for the Direction of this IssueTo stop hunger both authorities intercession and single engagement would be needed ( Mariana and Rabinowich, 2010 ) . If a full-time lower limit pay occupation wages excessively small to run into a household ‘s basic demands, improved nutrient cast and school repasts plans can cut down enduring but will non stop hungriness. To alter the figure of hungry people in America the state must increase the incomes of as many households as possible to above the poorness line. To carry through this the federal lower limit pay would necessitate to be increased, along bettering unemployment insurance, child support recovery, and the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families plan ( TANF ) ( Weill, 2012 ) . Overall, to better the issue of hungriness in America, I would go on to supply nutrient aid, but I would besides work to assist households go self-sufficing.

Plastic surgery Essay

Plastic surgery is an operation that allows a person’s image change into a new and pretty appearance. Nowadays, plastic surgery has been a growing fascination for many Asian countries, including Malaysia. Most Malaysians opt to pursue plastic surgery although some of them have good looking figure. In my opinion, is a good idea for someone to change their appearance though plastic surgery. Firstly, people who having plastic surgery can build confidence and increase their self-esteem. For instance, people feel comfortable in social community and communicate with others. Furthermore, it is easier for them to get a particular job. Therefore, it may carry out a successful career in their life. Secondly, plastic surgeries will improve health conditions. For example, there are many women suffers from chronic back pain solved by breast reduction. Moreover, physical defects and injuries due to accidents, genetics and diseases also solved by plastic surgery. Some people argue that plastic surgery carries with certain of risk. The most common mistake people is choosing a wrong doctor who has no experience and without certification may put their health into risk. However, with rapid development of technology, plastic surgery technique has become more effective and reliable. The majorities of people still have faith in plastic surgery and change their lives. People can improve their living condition and help to reshape their appearance in future life. In conclusion, I strongly agree to someone change their appearance through plastic surgery because plastic surgery builds confidence or increase self-esteem and improve health condition.

Women in Psychology Mary Calkins

What does it take to be number one? As we know everyone loves a winner. Most people if they were asked who the fastest man in the world was? They would correctly answer with the name Usain Bolt. Nobody remembers number two right? However, let us imagine Mr. Bolt being told that he could compete in track and field but he could not officially win any medal because he was Jamaican. Sounds far-fetched today and against our values and everything we stand for in the 21st century? Well in the 1800s, things were very different especially for women and Mary Calkins was no exception. Mary Calkins not only made countless contributions to the field of psychology, her perseverance changed many perceptions resulting in her indirectly becoming a champion for women’s rights and equality. In this assignment, we will examine Mrs. Calkin’s background, theoretical perspectives and the integral role she played in the field of psychology. Mary Calkins, the oldest of five children was born to Wolcott and Charlotte Calkins on March 30, 1863, in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents placed a great emphasis on education so in addition to elementary school, she took private lessons so she could learn German. After graduating high school Mary enrolled in Smith College in 1882, but took a hiatus her junior year in 1884, due to the untimely death of her sister and her mother being gravely ill. Mary did not make waste of this time. While at home she decided to learn Greek which was pivotal to her journey in the field of psychology. After Mary finally earned her degrees in Classics and Philosophy, she took a trip to Europe with family and had already decided when she returned that she would be a teacher and as well as tutor students in the Greek Language. However, her plans changed when she was offered the opportunity to teach Greek, at Wellesley, College, one of the few higher learning educational institutions for women in the country. At Wellesley, she taught not only Greek, but philosophy and psychology as well. This ultimately resulting in the university creating a new position for her in the experimental psychology department, although she had no credentialed training in psychology. This was crucial because many schools back then did not even admit women as students much less allow them to hold such a prestigious osition. For Mary to be successful, she knew she would have to further her education and learn more about psychology. Her ambition led her to enroll in two psychology seminars, one being at Clark University and the taught by Edmund C. Sanford and was taught by William James at Harvard University. Initially she was denied entry into Harvard because she was a woman. However, she had the president of Wellesley and her father both write letters on her behalf and was accepted. In 1891, her determination began paying dividends as she was able to set up a psychological laboratory at Wellesley and added scientific psychology to the program of study. From 1892 to 1895, she attended Harvard University. This is where she received some of the greatest resistance to everything she was trying to accomplish. Men and society during this time did not believe that women were fit for any job unless it was something that assisted a man i. e. doctor-nurse, boss-secretary, and homemaker. While Mary was allowed to attend Harvard, it was not without conditions. She could take classes and test, but in the University’s eyes she would be considered as guest. Undeterred and ready for the challenge, Mary enrolled in William James seminar on psychology; all the other students who happened to be men dropped the course in protest. What they believed is that if they did this the professor would boot her from the program because he would not want to lose his other students. Instead Professor James taught her individually and became her mentor. She also studied in the psychological laboratory at Harvard. She did all this while remaining a professor at Wellesley College herself. Mary completed all the required work and passed all her exams to earn a Ph. D. However, she was not awarded one due to the fact the she was a woman and women were not allowed to officially register at Harvard back then. She was later offered a Ph. D. , by Radcliffe College which was the female equivalent of Harvard, but she turned it down, believing that she done all of her work at Harvard, so it should be Harvard that awards her Ph. D. In 1898 is when Mary became a full time professor at Wellesley College focusing on philosophy and psychology publishing a slew of articles. When ten leading psychologists in the field of psychology were asked to rate their contemporaries by the measure of their work, Mary Calkins was listed 12 out of 50. Mary Calkins has given much to the field of psychology. For example there were only twelve colleges that had psychological laboratories in the entire United States and she created one. In her laboratory she had fifty four students dissect sheep brains and carry out studies on sensation, space perception, memory and reaction time. All of which are things that are used today by other scientists and different medical communities. For example, we are always hearing that drunk driving skews your space perception, sensation, memory and reaction time. One has to think this is not a coincidence that her work contributed to their findings. It was the first at a woman’s college and she did this with a mere $200. From 1891-1892 at the behest of G. Stanley Hall who has the editor of the American Journal of Psychology, her articles were normally studies and experiment by her and her studies that included everything from children’s emotions, moral consciousness, drawings, psychological anesthetics, and dreams. From her research in dreams she discovered there was a close relationship between her patient’s dreams and what happens in real life. Her work would not be appreciated during its early stages by most scholars as they were on board with Freudian thought process on dreams. Later this same community would dismiss Freud’s method and make Calkins research integral to dream researching. Through all of her research while pursuing her doctorate one of her most significant things she have to psychology was the Paired Technique. This technique is explained is putting to paired numbers in different colors on cards and flashing them to see what the subject could remember. What she found was bright colors were retained better as well as a new memorization method. It later became a standard means for human learning and remnants of it are still used today by psychologists. Of all of Mary Calkins contributions to psychology, she was most interested in self-psychology and ignited the brainstorm over this that caused many to take up research on the subject. She even published an autobiography in 1930, where her goal was to get psychologists to become self-psychologists. In 1900, she even wrote and published a paper expressing her belief that psychology is a science of the self. This was immediately followed by criticism from other academics. Mary Calkins was never afraid of a challenge and answered those criticisms in work that followed and in her presidential address at the American Psychological Association meeting in 1905. For all that she tried to do in self psychology, unfortunately Dr. Kohut, Dr. Honess, and Dr. Yardley failed to credit to give her any credit in this arena. During her career Mary was really busy evidenced by her writing 67 articles on psychology and 37 in philosophy. She also wrote and had 4 books on psychology published. Mary Calkins exemplary work preceded her and resulted in her being the first woman named president of the American Psychological Association and the American Philosophical Association. What Mary Calkins was able to accomplish in her day and age was simply amazing. She had to overcome numerous obstacles that would have made any other person give up and pursue a different profession. She worked and went to school, dealt with sexism and static thinking, in terms of a womens’ place in society. I say to Mary Calkins you are a winner and we remember you. Not only for your contributions that you have to the respective field of psychology, but the barriers that you broke down so that other women were allowed to be more easily accepted and respected. From my research on Mary Calkins I learned that a group of Harvard alumni petitioned for her to be awarded her doctorate in 1930, but they were denied. I think that it would be fitting if this cause was taken up once again today. For everything Mary Calkins has meant to the field of psychology it is the least we could do to honor all of the blood, sweat, and tears that she put into her work.